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Page 30
SILICON (Plate XVI, 1) is at the head of the group which corresponds to
carbon on the opposite turn of the lemniscate. It has the usual eight
funnels, containing four ovoids in a circle, and a truncated "cigar" but no
central body of any kind. All the funnels are alike.
SILICON: 8 funnels of 65 atoms 520
Atomic weight 28.18
Number weight 520/18 28.88
GERMANIUM (Plate XVI, 2) shows the eight funnels, containing each four
segments (XVI, 4), within which are three ovoids and a "cigar." In this
case the funnels radiate from a central globe, formed of two intersecting
tetrahedra, with "cigars" at each point enclosing a four-atomed globe.
GERMANIUM: 8 funnels of 156 atoms 1248
Central globe 52
----
Total 1300
----
Atomic weight 71.93
Number weight 1300/18 72.22
TIN (Plate XVI, 3) repeats the funnel of germanium, and the central globe
we met with in titanium, of five intersecting tetrahedra, carrying twenty
"cigars"; the latter, however, omits the eight-atomed centre of the globe
that was found in titanium, and hence has one hundred and twenty atoms
therein instead of one hundred and twenty-eight. Tin, to make room for the
necessary increase of atoms, adopts the system of spikes, which we met with
in zinc (see Plate IX, 2); these spikes, like the funnels, radiate from the
central globe, but are only six in number. The twenty-one-atomed cone at
the head of the spike we have already seen in silver, and we shall again
find it in iridium and platinum; the pillars are new in detail though not
in principle, the contained globes yielding a series of a triplet, quintet,
sextet, septet, sextet, quintet, triplet.
TIN: 8 funnels of 156 atoms 1248
6 spikes of 126 " 756
Central globe 120
----
Total 2124
----
Atomic weight 118.10
Number weight 2124/18 118.00
V.--THE BARS GROUPS.
[Illustration: PLATE XVII.]
Here, for the first time, we find ourselves a little at issue with the
accepted system of chemistry. Fluorine stands at the head of a
group--called the inter-periodic--whereof the remaining members are (see
Crookes' table, p. 28), manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel; ruthenium,
rhodium, palladium; osmium, iridium, platinum. If we take all these as
group V, we find that fluorine and manganese are violently forced into
company with which they have hardly any points of relationship, and that
they intrude into an otherwise very harmonious group of closely similar
composition. Moreover, manganese reproduces the characteristic lithium
"spike" and not the bars of those into whose company it is thrust, and it
is thus allied with lithium, with which indeed it is almost identical. But
lithium is placed by Crookes at the head of a group, the other members of
which are potassium, rubidium and c�sium (the last not examined). Following
these identities of composition, I think it is better to remove manganese
and fluorine from their incongruous companions and place them with lithium
and its allies as V _a_, the Spike Groups, marking, by the identity of
number, similarities of arrangement which exist, and by the separation the
differences of composition. It is worth while noting what Sir William
Crookes, in his "Genesis of the Elements," remarks on the relations of the
interperiodic group with its neighbours. He says: "These bodies are
interperiodic because their atomic weights exclude them from the small
periods into which the other elements fall, and because their chemical
relations with some members of the neighbouring groups show that they are
probably interperiodic in the sense of being in transition stages."
Group V in every case shows fourteen bars radiating from a centre as shown
in iron, Plate IV, 1. While the form remains unchanged throughout, the
increase of weight is gained by adding to the number of atoms contained in
a bar. The group is made up, not of single chemical elements, as in all
other cases, but of sub-groups, each containing three elements, and the
relations within each sub-group are very close; moreover the weights only
differ by two atoms per bar, making a weight difference of twenty-eight in
the whole. Thus we have per bar:--
Iron 72 Palladium 136
Nickel 74 Osmium 245
Cobalt 76 Iridium 247
Ruthenium 132 Platinum A 249
Rhodium 134 Platinum B 257
It will be noticed (Plate XVII, 3, 4, 5,) that each bar has two sections,
and that the three lower sections in iron, cobalt and nickel are identical;
in the upper sections, iron has a cone of twenty-eight atoms, while cobalt
and nickel have each three ovoids, and of these the middle ones alone
differ, and that only in their upper globes, this globe being four-atomed
in cobalt and six-atomed in nickel.
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