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Page 29
* * * * *
VIII.
IV.--THE OCTAHEDRAL GROUPS.
These groups are at the turns of the spiral in Sir William Crookes'
lemniscates (see p. 28). On the one side is carbon, with below it titanium
and zirconium; on the other silicon, with germanium and tin. The
characteristic form is an octahedron, rounded at the angles and a little
depressed between the faces in consequence of the rounding; in fact, we did
not, at first, recognize it as an octahedron, and we called it the "corded
bale," the nearest likeness that struck us. The members of the group are
all tetrads, and have eight funnels, opening on the eight faces of the
octahedron. The first group is paramagnetic and positive; the corresponding
one is diamagnetic and negative. The two groups are not closely allied in
composition, though both titanium and tin have in common the five
intersecting tetrahedra at their respective centres.
[Illustration: PLATE XV.]
CARBON (Plate III, 5, and XV, 1) gives us the fundamental octahedral form,
which becomes so masked in titanium and zirconium. As before said (p. 30),
the protrusion of the arms in these suggests the old Rosicrucian symbol of
the cross and rose, but they show at their ends the eight carbon funnels
with their characteristic contents, and thus justify their relationship.
The funnels are in pairs, one of each pair showing three "cigars," and
having as its fellow a funnel in which the middle "cigar" is truncated,
thus loosing one atom. Each "cigar" has a leaf-like body at its base, and
in the centre of the octahedron is a globe containing four atoms, each
within its own wall; these lie on the dividing lines of the faces, and each
holds a pair of the funnels together. It seems as though this atom had been
economically taken from the "cigar" to form a link. This will be more
clearly seen when we come to separate the parts from each other. It will be
noticed that the atoms in the "leaves" at the base vary in arrangement,
being alternately in a line and in a triangle.
{ left 27
CARBON: One pair of funnels { right 22
{ centre 1
--
54
4 pairs of funnels of 54 atoms 216
Atomic weight 11.91
Number weight 216/18 12.00
TITANIUM (Plate III, 6, and XV, 2) has a complete carbon atom distributed
over the ends of its four arms, a pair of funnels with their linking atom
being seen in each. Then, in each arm, comes the elaborate body shown as 3
_c_, with its eighty-eight atoms. A ring of twelve ovoids (3 _d_) each
holding within itself fourteen atoms, distributed among three contained
globes--two quartets and a sextet--is a new device for crowding in
material. Lastly comes the central body (4 _e_) of five intersecting
tetrahedra, with a "cigar" at each of their twenty points--of which only
fifteen can be shown in the diagram--and a ring of seven atoms round an
eighth, that forms the minute centre of the whole. Into this elaborate body
one hundred and twenty-eight atoms are built.
TITANIUM: One carbon atom 216
4 _c_ of 88 atoms 352
12 _d_ of 14 " 168
Central globe 128
----
Total 864
----
Atomic weight 47.74
Number weight 864/18 48.00
ZIRCONIUM (Plate XV, 3) has exactly the same outline as titanium, the
carbon atom is similarly distributed, and the central body is identical.
Only in 5 _c_ and _d_ do we find a difference on comparing them with 4 _c_
and d. The _c_ ovoid in zirconium shows no less than fifteen secondary
globes within the five contained in the ovoid, and these, in turn, contain
altogether sixty-nine smaller spheres, with two hundred and twelve atoms
within them, arranged in pairs, triplets, quartets, quintets, a sextet and
septets. Finally, the ovoids of the ring are also made more elaborate,
showing thirty-six atoms instead of fourteen. In this way the clever
builders have piled up in zirconium no less than 1624 atoms.
ZIRCONIUM: One Carbon atom 216
4 _c_ of 212 atoms 848
12 _d_ of 36 " 432
Central globe 128
----
Total 1624
----
Atomic weight 89.85
Number weight 90.22
[Illustration: PLATE XVI.]
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