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Page 14
[Illustration: Fig. 1 THE MECHANICAL REELING OF SILK.]
By this means the thread which is passing from one pulley to the other
is stretched by an amount equal to the difference of the winding speed
of the two pulleys. In the diagram (Fig. 2) the thread passes, as
shown by the arrows, over the pulley, P, and then over the pulley, P�,
the latter having a slightly greater winding speed. Between these
pulleys it passes over the guide pulley, G. This latter is supported
by a lever hinged at S, and movable between the stops, TT�. W is an
adjustable counterweight. When the thread is passed over the pulleys
and guided in this manner, the stretch to which it is subjected tends
to raise the guide and lever, so that the latter will be drawn up
against the stop, T�, when the thread is so coarse that the effort
required to stretch it is sufficient to overcome the weight of the
guide pulley and the adjustable counterweight. But as the thread
becomes finer, which, in the case of reeling silk, happens either from
the tapering of the filaments or the dropping off of a cocoon, a
moment arrives when it is no longer strong enough to keep up the lever
and counterweight. These then descend, and the lever touches the lower
stop, T. It will be readily seen that the up and down movements of the
lever can be made to take place when the thread has reached any
desired maximum or minimum of size, the limits being fixed by suitably
adjusting the counterweight.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
In the automatic reeling machine this is the method employed for
regulating the supply of cocoons. The counterweight being suitably
adjusted, the lever falls when the thread has become fine enough to
need another cocoon. The stop, T, and the lever serve as two parts of
an electric contact, so that when they touch each other a circuit is
completed, which trips a trigger and sets in motion the feed apparatus
by which a new cocoon is added. In practice the two drums or pulleys
are mounted on the same shaft, D (Fig. 1), difference of winding speed
being obtained by making them of slightly different diameters.
The lever is mounted as a horizontal pendulum, and the less or greater
stress required according to the size to be reeled is obtained by
inclining its axis to a less or greater degree from the vertical. An
arrangement is also adopted by which the strains existing in the
thread when it arrives at the first drum are neutralized, so far as
their effect upon the lever is concerned. This is accomplished by
simply placing upon the lever an extra guide pulley, L�, upon the side
opposite to that which corresponds to the guide shown in the diagram,
Fig. 2.
An electric contact is closed by a slight movement of the lever
whenever the thread requires a new filament of cocoon, and broken
again when the thread has been properly strengthened. It is evident
that a delicate faller movement might be employed to set the feed
mechanism in motion instead of the electric circuit, but, under the
circumstances, as the motion is very slight and without force, being,
in fact, comparable to the swinging of the beam of a balance through
the space of about the sixteenth of an inch, it is simpler to use a
contact.
The actual work of supplying the cocoons to the running thread is
performed as follows: The cleaned cocoons are put into what is called
the feeding basin, B1 (Fig. 1), a receptacle placed alongside of the
ordinary reeling basin, B, of a filature. A circular elevator, E, into
which the cocoons are charged by a slight current of water, lifts them
over one corner of the reeling basin and drops them one by one through
an aperture in a plate about six inches above the water of the reeling
basin.
The end of the filament having been attached to a peg above the
elevator, it happens that when a cocoon has been brought into the
corner of the reeling basin, the filament is strung from it to the
edge of the hole in the plate in such a position as to be readily
seized by a mechanical finger, K (Fig. 3), attached to a truck
arranged to run backward and forward along one side of the basin. This
finger is mounted on an axis, and has a tang projecting at right
angles to the side of the basin, so that the whole is in the form of a
bell crank mounted on the truck.
[Illustration: FIG. 3.]
There are usually four threads to each basin. When neither one of them
needs an additional cocoon, the finger of the distributing apparatus
remains, holding the filament of the cocoon at the corner of the basin
where it has been dropped. When a circuit is closed by the weakening
of any one of the threads, an electromagnetic catch is released, and
the truck with its finger is drawn across the basin by a weight. At
the same time the stop shown dotted in Fig. 3 is thrown out opposite
to the thread that needs strengthening. This stop strikes the tang of
the finger, and causes the latter to be thrown out near to the point
at which the filaments going to make up the weakened thread are being
drawn from the cocoons. Here the new filament is attached to the new
running thread by a kind of revolving finger, J, called in France a
"lance-bout." This contrivance takes the place of the agate of the
ordinary filature, and is made up, essentially, of the following
parts:
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