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Page 16
The rule regarding syneresis under stress is that it is allowable, with
or without resulting stress-shift, except when the combinations _�a_,
_�o_, _�a_, are involved. Espronceda violates the rule in this instance:
Veame en vuestros brazos y m�teme luego (12)
This is a peculiarly violent and harsh syneresis. The stress shifts from
the first _e_ to the _a_, giving a pronunciation very different from
that of the usual _v�ame_. Such a syneresis is more pardonable at the
beginning of a verse than in any other position; but good modern poets
strive to avoid such harshnesses. Espronceda sometimes makes _r�o_
monosyllabic:
Los rios su curso natural reprimen (11)
In the poetry of the Middle Ages and Renaissance such pronunciations as
_teni�_ for _ten�a_ are common.
DIERESIS
Dieresis is the breaking up of vowel-combinations in such a way as
to form an additional syllable in the word. It is the opposite of
syneresis. Dieresis never occurs in the case of the diphthongs _ie_ and
_ue_ derived from Latin (e), and (o), in words like _tierra_, _bueno_,
etc. _U�_ and _u�_ are regularly dissyllabic except after _c_, _g_, and
_j_. Examples:
Y en su blanca luz s�ave (8)
En la playa un ad�ar (8)
En vez de desaf�aros (8)
Compa�ero eterno su dolor cr�el (12)
Grand�osa, sat�nica figura (11)
El car�ado, l�vido esqueleto (11)
La Luna en el mar r�ela (8)
C�lera, impetuoso torbellino (11)
Horas de confianza y de delicias (11)
En c�rdenos matices cambiaban (11)
R�ido de pasos de gente que viene (12)
The same word without dieresis:
Por las losas desl�zase sin ruido (11)
In certain words, such as _cruel_, metrical custom preserves a
pronunciation in which the adjacent vowels have separate syllabic value.
Traditional grammar, represented by the Academy, asserts that such is
the correct pronunciation of these words to this day; but the actual
speech of the best speakers diphthongizes these vowels, and their
separation in poetry must rank as a dieresis. In printing poetry it is
customary to print the mark of dieresis on many words in which dieresis
is regular as well as on those in which it is exceptional.
SYNALEPHA
Synalepha is the combining into one syllable of two or more adjacent
vowels or diphthongs of different words. It is the same phenomenon
as syneresis extended beyond the single word. _H_ does not prevent
synalepha. The number of synalephas possible in a single verse is
theoretically limited only by the number of syllables in that verse. A
simple instance:
De alguna arruinada iglesia (8)
The number of vowels entering into a synalepha is commonly two or three;
rarely four, and, by a _tour de force_, even five:
Ni envidio a Eudoxia ni codicio a Eulalia (11)
Synalepha is not prevented by any mark of punctuation separating the
two words nor by the caesural pause (see below). In dramatic verse a
synalepha may even be divided between two speakers. In the short lines
of "El Mendigo," Espronceda mingles four- with five-syllable verses.
But as the five-syllable verses begin with vowels and the preceding
four-syllable verses end with vowels, the former sound no longer than
the rest. In very short lines synalepha may occur between one verse
and another following it. See also line 1389 of "El Estudiante de
Salamanca."
1. The simplest case is where both vowels entering into synalepha occur
in unstressed syllables:
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