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Page 81
[Page 279]
GLOSSARY OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS AND INDEX.
ABBREVIATIONS used in astronomies, 275.
ABERRATION OF LIGHT (_a wandering away_), an apparent
displacement of a star, owing to the progressive motion of light
combined with that of the earth and its orbit, 199.
AEROLITE (_air-stone_), 122.
AIR, refraction of the, 40.
ALGOL, the variable star, 222.
ALMANAC, Nautical, 71; explanation of signs used, 275.
ALPHABET, Greek, 275.
ALTITUDE, angular elevation of a body above the horizon.
ANGLE, difference in directions of two straight lines that meet.
ANNULAR (_ring-shaped_) ECLIPSES, 158; nebul�, 218, 220.
APHELION, the point in an orbit farthest from the sun.
APOGEE, the point of an orbit which is farthest from the earth.
APSIS, plural _apsides_, the line joining the aphelion and
perihelion points; or the major axis of elliptical orbits.
ARC, a part of a circle.
ASCENSION, RIGHT, the angular distance of a heavenly body from
the first point of Aries, measured on the equator.
ASTEROIDS (_star-like_), 162; orbits of interlaced, 74.
ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS, 43.
ASTRONOMY, use of, 57.
ATOM, size of, 255; power of, 256.
AURORA BOREALIS, 143.
AXIS, the line about which a body rotates.
AZIMUTH, the angular distance of any point or body in the horizon
from the north or south points.
BAILEY'S BEADS, dots of light on the edge of the moon seen in a
solar eclipse, caused by the moon's inequalities of surface.
BASE LINE, 68.
BIELA'S COMET, 129.
BINARY SYSTEM, a double star, the component parts of which
revolve around their centre of gravity.
BODE'S LAW of planetary distances is no law at all, but a study
of coincidences.
BOLIDES, small masses of matter in space. They are usually
called meteors when luminous by contact with air, 120.
[Page 280]
CELESTIAL SPHERE, the apparent dome in which the heavenly bodies
seem to be set; appears to revolve, 3.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY, the point on which a body, or two or more
related bodies, balances.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (_centre fleeing_).
CHROMOLITHIC PLATE of spectra of metals, to face 50.
CIRCUMPOLAR STARS, map of north, 201.
COLORS OF STARS, 214.
COLURES, the four principal meridians of the celestial sphere
passing from the pole, one through each equinox, and one through
each solstice.
COMETS, 126; Halley's, 128; Biela's lost, 129; Encke's, 130;
constitution of, 131; will they strike the earth? 133.
CONJUNCTION. Two or more bodies are in conjunction when they
are in a straight line (disregarding inclination of orbit) with the
sun. Planets nearer the sun than the earth are in inferior
conjunction when they are between the earth and the sun; superior
conjunction when they are beyond the sun.
CONSTELLATION, a group of stars supposed to represent some figure:
circumpolar, 201; equatorial, for December, 202; for January, 203;
April, 204; June, 205; September, 206; November, 207; southern
circumpolar, 208.
CULMINATION, the passage of a heavenly body across the meridian
or south point of a place; it is the highest point reached in its
path.
CUSP, the extremities of the crescent form of the moon or an
interior planet.
DECLINATION, the angular distance of a celestial body north or south
from the celestial equator.
DEGREE, the 1/360 part of a circle.
DIRECT MOTION, a motion from west to east among stars.
DISK, the visible surface of sun, moon, or planets.
DISTANCE OF STARS, 70.
DOUBLE STARS, 210.
EARTH, revolution of, 109; in space, 142; irregular figure, 145.
ECCENTRICITY OF AN ELLIPSE, the distance of either focus from centre
divided by half the major axis.
ECLIPSE (_a disappearance_), 157.
ECLIPTIC, the apparent annual path of the sun among the stars;
plane of, 106.
EGRESS, the passing of one body off the disk of another.
ELEMENTS, the quantities which determine the motion of a planet:
data for predicting astronomical phenomena; table of solar, 274.
ELEMENTS, chemical, present in the sun, 270.
ELONGATION, the angular distance of a planet from the sun.
EMERSION, the reappearance of a body after it has been eclipsed or
occulted by another.
[Page 281]
EQUATOR, terrestrial, the great circle half-way between the poles of
the earth. When the plane of this is extended to the heavens,
the line of contact is called the celestial equator.
EQUINOX, either of the points in which the sun, in its apparent
annual course among the stars, crosses the equator, making days
and nights of equal length.
EVOLUTION, materialistic, 182; insufficient, 189.
FIZEAU determines the velocity of light, 23.
FORCES, delicate balance of, 144.
GALILEO, construction of his telescope, 43.
GEOCENTRIC, a position of a heavenly body as seen or measured from
the earth's centre.
GEODESY, the art of measuring the earth without reference to the
heavenly bodies.
GOD, relation of, to the universe, 258.
GRAVITATION, laws of, 6; extends to the stars, 13; theories of, 253.
GRAVITY on different bodies, 6, 274.
HELICAL, rising or setting of a star, as near to sunrise or sunset
as it can be seen.
HELIOCENTRIC, as seen from the centre of the sun.
HOOSAC TUNNEL, example of accuracy, 62.
HORIZONTAL PENDULUM, 272.
IMMERSION, the disappearance of one body behind another, or in
its shadow.
INCLINATION OF AN ORBIT, the angle between its plane and the plane
of the ecliptic.
INFERIOR CONJUNCTION, when an interior planet is between the earth
and the sun.
JUPITER, apparent path of, in 1866, 112; elements of, 164;
satellites of, 165; positions of satellites, 166; elements of satellites,
166; the Jovian system, 167.
KEPLER'S LAWS--1st, that the orbits of planets are ellipses, having
the sun or central body in one of the foci; 2d, the radius-vector
passes over equal spaces in equal times; 3d, the squares of the
periodic times of the planets are in proportion to the cubes of
their mean distances from the sun.
LATITUDE, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic.
LIGHT, the child of force, 17; number of vibrations of, 18, 25;
velocity of, 22; undulatory and musical, 26; chemical force of, 30;
experiments with, 37; approach and departure of a light-giving
body measured, 51; aberration of, 199.
LIMB, the edge of the disk of the moon, sun, or a planet.
LONGITUDE. If a perpendicular be dropped from a body to the
ecliptic, its celestial longitude is the distance of the foot of the
perpendicular from the vertical equinox, counted toward the east;
mode of ascertaining terrestrial, 72.
MAGELLANIC CLOUDS, 208.
[Page 282]
MARS, 159; snow spots of, 160; satellites of, 161.
MASS, the quantity of matter a body contains.
MEAN DISTANCE OF A PLANET, half the sum of the aphelion and
perihelion distances.
MEASUREMENTS, celestial, 57.
MERCURY, 138.
MERIDIAN, terrestrial, of a place, a great circle of the heavens
passing through the poles, the zenith, and the north and south points
of the horizon; celestial, any great circle passing from one pole
to the other.
METEORS, 119; swarm of, meeting the earth, 118; explosion of, 120;
systems of, 123; relation of, to comets, 124.
MICROMETER, any instrument for the accurate measurement of very
small distances or angles.
MIND, origin of force, 252; continuous relation of, to the
universe, 252.
MILKY WAY, 210, 215.
MIRA, the Wonderful, 221.
MOON, the, 151; greatest and least distance from the earth, 10;
telescopic appearance of, 155.
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