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Page 32
Enough has now been said to show that whatever the character of the
waves encountered by the Umbria and Martello in July last, they were
in no sense "tidal," but, if approximating to the dimensions stated,
they were either due to storm or earthquake, or, possibly, to a
combination of both the last agents.
For those of our readers who may be interested in wave observations,
we conclude by introducing Prof. Stokes' summary of the method of
observing the phenomenon:
"_For a Ship at Sea._
"(1.) The apparent periodic time,[2] observed as if the ship
were at rest.
"(2.) The _true_ direction from which the waves come, also the
ship's _true_ course and speed per hour.
"(3.) A measure or estimate of the height of the waves.
"(4.) The depth of the sea if it is known, but, at any rate,
the position of the ship as near as possible, either by cross
bearings of land or any other method, so that the depth may be
got from charts or other sources.
"_For a Ship at Anchor._
"(1.) The periodic time.
"(2.) The true direction from which the waves come.
"(3.) A measure or estimate of the height of the waves.
"(4.) The depth of water where she is anchored."
[Footnote 2: The period of a wave is the interval of time which
elapses between the transits of two successive wave crests past a
stationary floating body, the wave crest being the highest line
along the ridge.]
It is the opinion of scientists that when the period of oscillation of
the ship and the period of the wave are nearly the same, the turning
over of the ship is an approximate consequence, and thus the wave to
such a ship would appear more formidable than to another ship with a
different period of oscillation.--_Nautical Magazine._
* * * * *
PRACTICAL EDUCATION.
It is now recognized that one of the elements in which the public
school systems of the United States are most lacking is in the
practical branches in teaching trades and industry. There is too much
book learning, too little practical education. Throughout the
continent of Europe there are trade and industrial schools which have
accomplished much in turning out skilled workmen for the various
branches of industry. Here we have one. Our deficiency in this matter
was recognized by the late commissioner of education, and attention
called to it in several of his reports, and a number of the State
superintendents of education have also urged the establishment of
manual or training schools as a part of the State systems. We have
such an institution here in the Tulane Manual School. In Philadelphia,
Cleveland, and Chicago, the system has been adopted on a large scale,
and made part of the high school course. Another city which has
inaugurated the manual training school as a part of its public schools
is Toledo, O. A rich citizen of that town, who recently died, left a
large sum for the establishment of a university of arts and trades.
Instead of founding a separate university, however, the money was
applied to the establishment of manual schools in connection with the
public schools, for both boys and girls.
The course of girls' work given will afford some idea of what it is
proposed to do. This begins with the senior grammar school grade and
continues three years in high school. It includes free hand,
mechanical, and architectural drawing, light carpentry, wood carving,
designing for wood carving, wood turning, clay moulding, decorative
designing, etc. But more practical than these things are the lessons
in cooking, sewing, and household management. The course in domestic
economy "is arranged with special reference to giving young women such
a liberal and practical education as will inspire them with a belief
in the dignity and nobleness of an earnest womanhood, and incite them
to a faithful performance of the every day duties of life. It is based
upon the assumption that a pleasant home is an essential element of
broad culture, and one of the surest safeguards of morality and
virtue." The report of the school also remarks that "the design of
this course is to furnish thorough instruction in applied
housekeeping, and the sciences related thereto, and students will
receive practical drill in all branches of housework; in the purchase
and care of family supplies, and in general household management; but
will not be expected to perform more labor than is actually necessary
for the desired instruction."
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