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Page 8
[Illustration: ENDLESS TROUGH CONVEYER.]
* * * * *
RAILROAD GRADES OF TRUNK LINES.
On the West Shore and Buffalo road its limit of grade is 30 feet to
the mile going west and north, and 20 feet to the mile going east and
south. Next for easy grades comes the New York Central and Hudson
River road. From New York to Albany, then up the valley of the Mohawk,
till it gradually reaches the elevation of Lake Erie, it is all the
time within the 500 foot level, and this is maintained by its
connections on the lake borders to Chicago, by the "Nickel Plate," the
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the Canada Southern and Michigan
Central.
The Erie, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio roads pass
through a country so mountainous that, much as they have expended to
improve their grades, it is practically impossible for them to attain
the easy grades so much more readily obtained by the trunk lines
following the great natural waterways originally extending almost from
Chicago to New York.
* * * * *
ENGLISH EXPRESS TRAINS.
The _Journal of the Statistical Society_ for September contains an
elaborate paper by Mr. E. Foxwell on "English Express Trains; their
Average Speed, etc. with Notes on Gradients, Long Runs, etc." The
author takes great pains to explain his definition of the term
"express trains," which he finally classifies thus: (a) The general
rule; those which run under ordinary conditions, and attain a
journey-speed of 40 and upward. These are about 85 per cent. of the
whole. (b) Equally good trains, which, running against exceptional
difficulties, only attain, perhaps, a journey speed as low as 36 or
37. These are about 5 per cent. of the whole. (c) Trains which should
come under (a), but which, through unusually long stoppages or similar
causes, only reach a journey speed of 39. These are about 10 per
cent.[1] of the whole.
[Footnote 1: 10 per cent. of the number, but not of the mileage,
of the whole; for most of this class run short journeys.]
He next explains that by "running average" is meant: The average speed
per hour while actually in motion from platform to platform, i.e., the
average speed obtained by deducting stoppages. Thus the 9-hour (up)
Great Northern "Scotchman" stops 49 minutes on its journey from
Edinburgh to King's Cross, and occupies 8 hours 11 minutes in actual
motion; its "running average" is therefore 48 miles an hour, or,
briefly, "r.a.=48." The statement for this train will thus appear:
Distance in miles between Edinburgh and King's Cross, 392�; time, 9 h.
0 m.; journey-speed, 43.6; minutes stopped, 49; running average, 48.
Mr. Foxwell then proceeds to describe in detail the performances of
the express trains of the leading English and Scottish railways--in
Ireland there are no trains which come under his definition of
"express"--giving the times of journey, the journey-speeds, minutes
stopped on way, and running averages, with the gradients and other
circumstances bearing on these performances. He sums up the results
for the United Kingdom, omitting fractions, as follows:
=========================================================================
Extent of| | | Average | | |
System | | Distinct | Journey- | Running | Express |
in Miles.| | Expresses.| speed. | Average.| Mileage.|
---------+-------------------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+
1773 | North-Western | {54} 82 | 40 | 43 | 10,400 |
| | {28} | | | |
1260 | Midland | 66 | 41 | 45 | 8,860 |
928 | Great Northern | {48} 67 | 43 | 46 | 6,780 |
| | {19} | | | |
907 | Great Eastern | 34 | 41 | 43 | 3,040 |
2267 | Great Western | 18 | 42 | 46 | 2,600 |
1519 | North-Eastern | 19 | 40 | 43 | 2,110 |
290 | Manch., Sheffield,| 49 | 43 | 44 | 2,318 |
| and Lincoln | | | | |
767 | Caledonian | 16 | 40 | 42 | 1,155 |
435 | Brighton | 13 | 41 | 41 | 1,155 |
382 | South-Eastern | 12 | 41 | 41 | 940 |
329 | Glasgow and | 8 | 41 | 43 | 920 |
| South-Western | | | | |
796 | London and | 3 | 41 | 44 | 890 |
| South-Western | | | | |
984 | North British | 11 | 39 | 41 | 830 |
153 | Chatham and Dover | 9 | 42 | 43 | 690 |
+-----------+----------+---------+---------+
| 407 | 41 | 44 | 42,683 |
=========================================================================
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