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Page 26
VANADIUM: 3 funnels (A) of 160 atoms 480
3 " (B) " 137 " 411
Central globe 27
----
Total 918
----
Atomic weight 50.84
Number weight 918/18 51.00
NIOBIUM (Plate XII, 3) is as closely related to yttrium as is vanadium to
scandium. The little globes that scamper round the "cigars" contain twelve
atoms instead of eight (see 4 _e_).
The rest of the funnel is the same. In the central globe both the
tetrahedra have "cigars," and a central nine-atomed globe spins round in
the centre (see 4 _f_), seventeen atoms being thus added.
NIOBIUM: 6 funnels of 277 atoms 1662
Central globe 57
----
Total 1719
----
Atomic weight 93.25
Number weight 1719/18 95.50
III a.--Aluminium, gallium and indium were examined from this group. They
are triatomic, diamagnetic, and positive. The corresponding group contains
phosphorus, arsenic and antimony: bismuth also belongs to it, but was not
examined; they are triatomic, diamagnetic and negative. They have no
central globes.
[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
ALUMINIUM (Plate XIII, 1), the head of the group, is, as usual, simple.
There are six similar funnels, each containing eight ovoids, below which is
a globe.
ALUMINIUM: 6 funnels of 81 atoms 486
Atomic weight 26.91
Number weight 486/18 27.00
GALLIUM (Plate XIII, 2) has two segments in every funnel; in the segment to
the left a "cigar" balances a globe, equally six-atomed, in that of the
right, and the globes to right and left are four-atomed as against
three-atomed. In the next row, the smaller contained globes have six atoms
as against four, and the cones have respectively seven and five. By these
little additions the left-hand funnel boasts one hundred and twelve atoms
as against ninety-eight.
GALLIUM: Left segment 112 atoms }
Right segment 98 " } = 210
6 funnels of 210 atoms 1260
----
Atomic weight 69.50
Number weight 1260/18 70.00
INDIUM (Plate XIII, 3) repeats the segments of gallium exactly, save in the
substitution of a sixteen-atomed body for the seven-atomed cone of the
left-hand segment, and a fourteen-atomed body for the five-atomed
corresponding one in gallium. But each funnel now has three segments
instead of two; three funnels out of the six contain two segments of type A
and one of type B; the remaining three contain two of type B, and one of
type A.
INDIUM: Segment A 121 atoms
Segment B 107 "
3 funnels of 2 A and 1 B ([242 + 107] 3) 1047
3 " " 2 B and 1 A ([214 + 121] 3) 1005
----
Total 2052
----
Atomic weight 114.05
Number weight 2052/18 114.00
The corresponding negative group, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony, run on
very similar lines to those we have just examined.
[Illustration: PLATE XIV.]
PHOSPHORUS (Plate XIV, 1) offers us a very curious arrangement of atoms,
which will give some new forms in breaking up. Two segments are in each
funnel, in fact the only two of group III _a_ which do not show this
arrangement, or a modification thereof, are aluminium and arsenic.
PHOSPHORUS: Left segment 50 atoms
Right segment 43 "
--
93
6 funnels of 93 atoms 558
Atomic weight 30.77
Number weight 558/18 31.00
ARSENIC (Plate XIV, 2) resembles aluminium in having eight internal
sub-divisions in a funnel, and the ovoids which form the top ring are
identical, save for a minute difference that in aluminium the ovoids stand
the reverse way from those in arsenic. It will be noted that in the former
the top and bottom triangles of atoms have the apices upwards, and the
middle one has its apex downwards. In arsenic, the top and bottom ones
point downwards, and the middle one upwards. Arsenic inserts sixteen
spheres between the ovoids and globe shown in aluminium, and thus adds no
less than one hundred and forty-four atoms to each funnel.
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