|
Main
- books.jibble.org
My Books
- IRC Hacks
Misc. Articles
- Meaning of Jibble
- M4 Su Doku
- Computer Scrapbooking
- Setting up Java
- Bootable Java
- Cookies in Java
- Dynamic Graphs
- Social Shakespeare
External Links
- Paul Mutton
- Jibble Photo Gallery
- Jibble Forums
- Google Landmarks
- Jibble Shop
- Free Books
- Intershot Ltd
|
books.jibble.org
Previous Page
| Next Page
Page 42
"The operation of the furnace is as follows: The pulverized
ore is mixed with 20 per cent. of pulverized charcoal or coke,
and is fed into an elevator which discharges into the hopper
on the deoxidizer leading into the retorts marked C. These
retorts are proportioned so that they will hold ore enough to
run the puddling furnace 24 hours, the time required for
perfect deoxidation. After the retorts are filled, a fire is
started in the furnace, and the products of combustion pass up
through the main flue, or well, B, where they are deflected by
the arch, and pass out through suitable openings, as indicated
by arrows, into the down-takes marked E, and out through an
annular flue, where they are passed under a boiler.
"It will be noticed that the ore is exposed to the waste heat
on three sides of the retorts, and owing to the great surface
so exposed, the ore is very thoroughly deoxidized, and reduced
in the retorts before it is introduced into the puddling
furnace for final reduction. The curved cast iron pipes marked
D are provided with slides, and are for the purpose of
introducing the deoxidized ore into the second bottom of the
furnace. As before stated, the furnace is intended to
accommodate two charges of ore, and as fast as it is balled up
and taken out of the working bottom, the charge remaining in
the second bottom is worked up in the place occupied by the
first charge, and a _new_ charge is introduced. As fast as the
ore is drawn out from the retorts the elevator supplies a new
lot, so that the retorts are always filled, thus making the
process continuous."
The temperature of the charge in the deoxidizer is from 800� to 1,000�
F.--_Amer. Engineer._
* * * * *
SOME REMARKS ON THE DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS IN WATERS.
By HERBERT JACKSON.
Having had occasion some short time ago to examine a hard water which
owed half its hardness to salts of magnesium, I noticed that the soap
test, applied in the usual way, gave a result which differed very much
from that obtained by the quantitative estimation of calcium and
magnesium. A perfectly normal lather was obtained when soap had been
added in quantities sufficient to neutralize 14� of hardness, whereas
the water contained salts of calcium and magnesium equivalent, on
Clark's scale, to a hardness of 27�.
Although I was aware that similar observations had been made before, I
thought that it might be useful to determine the conditions under
which the soap test could not be depended upon for reliable results.
I found with waters containing calcium or magnesium alone that,
whenever salts of either of these metals were in solution in
quantities sufficient to give 23� of hardness on Clark's scale, no
dependence could be placed upon the results given by the soap test. In
the case of waters containing salts of both calcium and magnesium, I
found that if the salts of the latter metal were in solution in
quantities sufficient to give more than 10� of hardness, no evidence
could be obtained of their presence so long as the salts of calcium in
the same water exceeded 6�; in such a case a perfect and permanent
lather was produced when soap had been added equivalent to 7� of
hardness.
If any water be diluted so as to reduce the proportions of the salts
of calcium and magnesium below those stated above, perfectly reliable
results will of course be obtained.
Instead of dilution I found that heating the water to about 70� C. was
sufficient to cause a complete reaction between the soap and the salts
of calcium and magnesium, even if these were present in far larger
quantities than any given here.
The experiments so far had all been made with a solution of Castile
soap of the strength suggested by Mr. Wanklyn in his book on "Water
Analysis." My attention was next directed to the use of any one of the
compounds of which such a soap is composed. I commenced with sodium
oleate, and found that by employing this substance in a moderately
pure condition, perfectly reliable results could be obtained in very
hard waters without the trouble of either diluting or heating. I was
unable to try sodium stearate directly because of the slight
solubility of this substance in cold water or dilute alcohol; but I
found that a mixture of sodium oleate and stearate behaved in exactly
the same manner as the Castile soap.
Previous Page
| Next Page
|
|