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Page 69
=51. Sc�vola=: a hero of early Rome who was captured by the enemy
and threatened with death by fire if he refused to give important
information. He replied by deliberately holding his hand in a flame.
=52. S�crates= (469-400 B.C.): the celebrated Grecian philosopher. He
believed in the immortality of the soul.
=54. Del orador de Atenas=: Demosthenes (385-322 B.C.), especially
famous for his Philippics, a series of twelve orations directed against
Philip of Macedon, the _tirano macedonio_ here alluded to. All these
classical allusions seem to show that Espronceda, like most of the
leaders of the French Revolution, was influenced by Plutarch.
=57.= In this octave the poet voices his enthusiasm for the Middle Ages
and romantic literature in general. In his desire to embrace in his own
life the careers of knight and troubadour, Espronceda is harking back to
the "arms and letters" ideal of many of Spain's greatest writers.
=77. So�aba al h�roe=: =con= is the usual complement of =so�ar= in
prose.
=89.= Espronceda's first meeting with Teresa took place in Portugal in
the beautiful region around Cintra.
=131. La sacra ninfa que bordando=, etc.: according to Men�ndez y
Pelayo, these two verses are taken from the "F�bula de Genil" of
Pedro Espinosa, an author whom he says Espronceda knew by heart. (See
"Discursos le�dos ante la Real Academia Espa�ola en la recepci�n del
excmo. se�or D. Francisco Rodr�guez Mar�n, el d�a 27 de octubre de
1907," Madrid, 1907, p. 86). The verses in question are:
Corta las aguas con los blancos brazos
La ninfa, que con otras ninfas mora
Debajo de las aguas cristalinas
En aposentos de esmeraldas finas.
And farther down,
El despreciado dios su dulce amante
Con las n�yades vido estar bordando.
This in turn, it seems to me, may be reminiscent of Garcilaso de la
Vega's _�gloga Tercera_. Apparently P. Henr�quez Ure�a has made this
discovery independently. See _Revista de Filolog�a Espa�ola_, IV, 3, p.
292.
=170.= The usual accent has been intentionally omitted from =aerea=.
=201.= "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning."
Isaiah xiv, 12.
=232.= The story of the man who spits upon himself while trying to spit
upon the sky is as old as Berceo in Spanish literature.
=238.= One has to supply a =se= with =convirtieron=. This may readily be
inferred from the preceding verse.
=352.= Foulch�-Delbosc thinks that this last verse was suggested by
Hugo, "Les Feuilles d'automne, XXXV, Soleils couchants." See _Revue
hispanique_, XXI, p. 667.
VOCABULARY
The sign "-" means the word which stands in black type at the head of
the paragraph; thus, =-se= under =abrir= means =abrirse=.
_acc._ = accusative.
_adj._ = adjective.
_adv._ = adverb.
_art._ = article.
_card._ = cardinal numeral.
_cf._ = compare.
_conj._ = conjunction.
_dat._ = dative.
_dem._ = demonstrative.
_f._ = feminine.
_impers._ = impersonal.
_inf._ = infinitive.
_interj._ = interjection.
_interrog._ = interrogation, interrogative.
_Ital._ = Italian.
_m._ = masculine.
_neut._ = neuter.
_p.p._ = past participle.
_pers._ = person, personal.
_pl._ = plural.
_poss._ = possessive.
_pr. n._ = proper noun.
_prep._ = preposition.
_pron._ = pronoun.
_refl._ = reflexive.
_rel._ = relative.
_sc._ = to wit.
_sing._ = singular.
_viz._ = namely.
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