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Page 36
Taking 21/2 gallons of American naphtha, it would give roughly 180 cubic
feet of gas of the above composition, while the remaining gas would be
the ordinary water gas. Taking the analysis of this as given, and
calculating from it what would be the composition of a mixture of it
with the naphtha gas, we obtain:
Calculated. Actual.
Hydrogen...................... 47.09 42.09
Methane....................... 5.48 11.27
Olefines...................... 2.53 7.59
Ethane........................ 2.17 6.32
Carbon monoxide............... 30.07 18.65
Carbon dioxide................ 3.78 2.32
Oxygen........................ 0.56 0.17
Nitrogen...................... 7.17 8.25
Sulphureted hydrogen.......... 1.15 2.84
------ ------
100.00 100.00
Showing how great the effect is of the diluents in the water gas in
preventing the overcracking of the hydrocarbons, as shown by the
increase in the percentage of them present in the finished gas; while
the enormous reduction in the amount of carbon monoxide present is due
to the interaction between it and the paraffin hydrocarbons in the
presence of red-hot carbon, a point which makes the Van Steenbergh
apparatus enormously superior to any of the superheater forms of
plant.
After all said and done, however, the reactions taking place, although
they have an intense fascination for the chemist, are not the factors
which the gas manager deems the most important, the cost of any given
process being the test by which it must stand or fall; and it will be
well now to consider, as far as it is possible, the expense of
enriching coal gas by the various methods I have brought before you.
In order to be well above the prescribed limit of illuminating power
at all parts of an extended service, the gas at the works must be sent
out at an illuminating power of 17.5 candles and we may, I think,
fairly take it that 16 candle coal gas, as made by the big London
companies, costs, as nearly as can be, 1s. per 1,000 cubic feet in the
holder, and the question we have now to solve is the cost of enriching
it from 16 to 17.5 candle power. When this is done by cannel, the cost
is 2.6 pence per candle power, so that the extra 11/2 would cost 4d. per
1,000.
Carbureting by the vapors of gasoline by the Maxim-Clarke process
costs 13/4d. per 1,000, so that the extra candle power would mean an
expenditure of 2.62 d. Unfortunately I have no figures upon which to
calculate the cost of producing such a gas by the Dinsmore process,
but with the three important water gas enrichers we can deal.
Using Russian fuel oil, which can be obtained in bulk in London at 3d.
per gallon, the proprietors of the Springer plant guarantee 51/2 candle
power per 1,000 cubic feet of gas per gallon used, so that, to produce
a 22 candle gas, 4 gallons would be used. The cost per 1,000 cubic
feet may be roughly tabulated, as the coke used amounts to about 40
lb.
s. d.
Oil.................................... 1 0
Coke................................... 0 3
Labor and purification................. 0 2
Charge on plant........................ 0 1
----
1 6
Twenty five per cent. of 12-candle gas when mixed with 75 per cent. of
the 16-candle gas gives the required 17.5 candle gas, which would
therefore cost 1s. 11/2d., or the enrichment would have cost 11/2d.
By the Lowe process, an increase of 5.3-candle power is guaranteed for
the consumption of a gallon of the same oil, so that the cost would be
a shade higher, all other factors remaining the same, while with the
Van Steenbergh process both grade of oil and consumption of fuel vary
from either of these processes. In order to obtain a thousand cubic
feet of 22-candle gas, two and a half gallons of the lighter grade oil
would be consumed, and I am informed that there is now no difficulty
in obtaining oil of the right grade in London in bulk at 4d. per
gallon, which would make the cost:
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