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Page 13
The arrangement of fixing the pipes round the lower walls of the room
in this form of stove is somewhat cumbersome, but in a roomy stove
this slight drawback is not felt quite so much. However, it seems a
good principle to leave every inch of internal space available for the
goods to be enamelled or japanned, This principle is carried out to
the letter in the other form of stoves described and illustrated in
the sequel.
The figure shows a section through single chamber japanning and
enamelling oven heated by hot-water pipes (steel) closed at both ends
and partially filled with water which always remains sealed up
therein, and never evaporates until the pipes require to be refilled.
This stove may be heated (1) by hot-water pipes (iron), (2) by
super-heated water, (3) by steam, but only to 80� C. The different
compartments may be heated to uniform or to different temperatures
with hot water; the stoke-hole is at the side and thus quite separated
from the stove proper.
The ovens must be on the ground floor, so that the super-heated steam
from the basement may be available.
The great drawback to the use of gas for heating japanning and
enamelling stoves is the great cost of coal gas.
[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Portable Gas Heated Japanning and Enamelling
Stove fitted with Shelves, Thermometer, etc.]
PIGMENTS SUITABLE FOR JAPANNING WITH NATURAL LACQUER.
_White Pigments._--Barium sulphate and bismuth oxychloride. These two
are used for the white lacquer or as a body for coloured lacquers.
When the lacquer is to be dried at a high temperature barium sulphate
is preferable, but when it is dried at an ordinary temperature bismuth
oxychloride is better. Since the lacquer is originally of a brown
colour the white lacquer is not pure white, but rather greyish or
yellowish. Many white pigments, such as zinc oxide, zinc sulphide,
calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, calcium sulphate, lead white,
etc., turn brown to black, and no white lacquer can be obtained with
them.
_Red Pigments._--Vermilion and red oxide of iron. These two are used
for the red lacquer, but vermilion should be stoved at a low
temperature.
_Blue Pigment._--Prussian blue.
_Yellow Pigments._--Cadmium sulphide, lead chromate and orpiment.
_Green Pigment._--Chromium oxide (? Guignet's green).
_Black Pigment._--Lamp black. This is one of the pigments for black
lacquer, but does not give a brilliant colour, therefore it is better
to prepare the black lacquer by adding iron powder or some compound of
iron to the lacquer.
Various mixed colours are obtained by mixing some of the
above-mentioned pigments.
Examples of application are as follows:--
(1) _Golden Yellow._--Finished lacquer, 10 parts; gamboge, 1 to 3;
solvent, 5. If utensils are lacquered with this thin lacquer and dried
for about 2 hours in an air-oven at a temperature of 120� C. a
beautiful hard coating of golden colour is obtained.
(2) _Black._--Black lacquer, 10 parts; solvent 2 to 4. Utensils
lacquered with this lacquer are dried for about an hour at 130� to
140� C.
(3) _Red._--Vermilion, 10 parts; finished lacquer, 4; solvent, 2. This
lacquer is dried for about an hour at 130� to 140� C.
(4) _Khaki or Dirty Yellow._--Barium sulphate, 100 parts; chromic
oxide, 3; finished lacquer, 20 to 25; solvent, 15. This lacquer is
dried for about half an hour at 160� C.
(5) _Green._--Barium sulphate, 100 parts; chromic oxide, 20 to 50;
finished lacquer, 40 to 50; solvent, 20. This is dried for about 10
minutes at 160� C.
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